Definition of health

Health is a central issue that affects everyone. A clear definition of health is crucial to understanding wellbeing and developing effective medical practices. The definition of health can vary depending on the perspective, whether from a conventional medical, naturopathic or holistic point of view. In this article, we look at different definitions of health and their relevance to our daily lives and medical care.

What is health?

General definition of health

Health is often defined as the state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not just the absence of disease or infirmity. This definition emphasises that health is multidimensional and encompasses various aspects of human life.

Different perspectives: subjective vs. objective

• Subjective perspective: Health is perceived individually and can differ depending on personal experiences and perceptions. A person feels healthy when they feel physically and mentally well, regardless of medical diagnoses.
• Objective perspective: Medical tests and diagnoses based on scientific methods determine health. This perspective focuses on measurable parameters such as blood values, blood pressure and physical functions.

WHO definition of health

The World Health Organisation (WHO) defines health as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. This holistic view emphasises that all dimensions of life are important for well-being.

• Explanation of the WHO definition: This definition goes beyond purely physical health and also includes mental and social aspects. It emphasises the importance of a comprehensive approach to promoting wellbeing.
• Importance of the holistic view: The holistic view of health promotes a more comprehensive understanding and approaches that consider all aspects of human life in order to improve well-being.

Health is thus a multi-layered concept that encompasses both subjective perceptions and objective medical findings and requires a holistic view to achieve the full potential of human well-being.

Conventional medical definition of health

Scientific medical model

The scientific medical model views health primarily through the lens of biomedical science. Health is understood here as the absence of disease or pathological conditions. This perspective focuses on the structural and functional aspects of the body and uses objective measurements and diagnostic tests to determine health status.

Focus on diagnosis and treatment of disease

In conventional medicine, the focus is on the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of disease. Medical professionals use a variety of diagnostic procedures such as blood tests, imaging techniques and physical examinations to identify and treat disease conditions. Therapy includes drug treatments, surgical procedures and other medical interventions to restore health and combat disease.

This model is particularly effective in treating acute and chronic conditions and provides precise, science-based approaches to healthcare. However, it can neglect the subjective aspects of well-being and the social dimension of health, which are also important for a comprehensive understanding of health.

Holistic and naturopathic perspectives

Traditional Chinese medicine and naturopathy

Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and naturopathy view health as the result of a harmonious balance between body, mind and environment. TCM is based on concepts such as yin and yang and the five elements, which influence all life processes and phenomena. Naturopathy focuses on the body’s ability to heal itself, supported by natural remedies and lifestyles.

• Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM): Uses acupuncture, herbal therapy, qigong and nutrition to promote energy flow and balance in the body.
• Naturopathy: Relies on herbal remedies, homeopathy and manual therapies such as osteopathy and chiropractic to support natural healing processes.

Salutogenesis according to Aaron Antonovsky

Aaron Antonovsky developed the concept of salutogenesis, which focuses on the development and maintenance of health rather than the causes of illness (pathogenesis). He emphasises the “sense of coherence”, the feeling of comprehensibility, manageability and meaningfulness in life, as a central factor for health.

• Comprehensibility: The feeling that internal and external stimuli are structured and predictable.
• Manageability: The feeling of having the resources to fulfil the requirements.
• Meaningfulness: The feeling that life’s demands are challenges that are worth the effort and commitment.

Health as a dynamic balance

In the holistic and naturopathic view, health is understood as a dynamic balance that is constantly influenced by internal and external factors. This balance encompasses physical, mental and emotional aspects of well-being and requires continuous adjustment and care.

• Physical balance: A balanced diet, regular exercise and adequate sleep.
• Mental balance: stress management, mindfulness and mental challenges.
• Emotional balance: maintaining social relationships, self-care and emotional expression.

These perspectives emphasise that health is not static, but an ongoing process of adaptation and harmony that needs to be actively cultivated.

Factors influencing health

Physical factors: nutrition, exercise, sleep

1. Nutrition:
   • A balanced diet with sufficient vitamins, minerals and nutrients is essential for good health. It supports the immune system, promotes the growth and repair of tissue and provides energy for everyday life.
2. Exercise:
   • Regular physical activity strengthens the cardiovascular system, promotes muscle and bone health and can reduce the risk of chronic diseases such as diabetes and heart disease.
3. Sleep:
   • Adequate and restful sleep is necessary for physical and mental recovery, regulating hormonal balance and strengthening the immune system.

Psychological factors: stress management, mental health

1. Stress management:
   • Chronic stress can lead to physical and mental health problems. Effective stress management techniques such as meditation, breathing exercises and time management are important to maintain good health.
2. Mental health:
   • Mental health is just as important as physical health. Activities such as mindfulness, cognitive behavioural therapy and social support can help to manage mental health issues and improve overall wellbeing.

Social factors: Relationships, social support

1. Relationships:
   • Positive social relationships and a strong network of friends and family can strengthen a sense of belonging and well-being. They offer emotional support and can have a stress-reducing effect.
2. Social support:
   • Social support through communities, self-help groups or professional help is crucial for coping with life crises and health challenges. It can significantly improve mental and physical health.

These influencing factors show that health is multifactorial and is promoted by a combination of physical, psychological and social elements.

Tips for promoting health

Lifestyle changes to improve well-being

1. Nutrition:
   • Focus on a balanced diet with plenty of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins and healthy fats. Avoid highly processed foods and sugary drinks.
2. Exercise:
   • Incorporate regular physical activity into your daily routine. Aim for at least 150 minutes of moderate exercise per week, such as brisk walking, cycling or swimming.
3. Sleep:
   • Make sure you get enough sleep. Most adults need 7-9 hours of sleep per night. Provide a relaxing sleeping environment and maintain regular bedtimes.

Recommendations for a healthy lifestyle

1. Stress management:
   • Regularly practise relaxation techniques such as meditation, yoga or breathing exercises. Time management and prioritising can also help to reduce stress.
2. Mental health:
   • Maintain social contacts and seek support if necessary. Activities that provide pleasure and relaxation should be regularly integrated into everyday life.
3. Regular health checks:
   • Arrange regular check-ups with your doctor to recognise and treat health problems at an early stage.
4. Hydration:
   • Drink enough water to stay hydrated. The general recommendation is around 2 litres of water per day, but this can vary depending on activity levels and weather conditions.
5. Avoid risk factors:
   • Reduce alcohol and tobacco consumption. Avoid substance abuse and ensure a safe environment to prevent injuries.

By implementing these lifestyle changes and recommendations, you can sustainably improve your well-being and promote good health.

Conclusion

A comprehensive definition of health encompasses not only the absence of disease, but also complete physical, mental and social well-being. The perspectives of conventional medicine, naturopathy and holistic approaches offer different angles from which to understand and promote health. Physical, psychological and social factors all play a crucial role. Through targeted lifestyle changes, a balanced diet, regular exercise and stress management, everyone can actively contribute to their well-being and improve their health in the long term.