Immunmodulation

Definition and basics

Immunomodulation refers to the targeted influencing of the immune system by various substances or physical stimuli. This modulation can result in either immunostimulation (strengthening of the immune response) or immunosuppression (weakening of the immune response). Immunomodulators are substances that bring about these changes and can include both endogenous and exogenous substances.

Types of immunomodulation

1. Immunostimulation: This involves activating the immune system to strengthen the body’s defences against infections or tumours. This type of modulation is particularly important in the treatment of severe infections and in cancer immunotherapy.
2. Immunosuppression: This form of modulation is often used in the treatment of autoimmune diseases or after organ transplants to prevent rejection reactions. The activity of the immune system is specifically dampened.

Immunomodulators: Active substances and mechanisms

Immunomodulators can be categorised into different classes based on their mode of action and application:

• Immunostimulants: These include substances such as interferons and immune checkpoint inhibitors that activate the immune system. They are often used to treat cancer and chronic viral infections.
• Immunosuppressants: These drugs, such as methotrexate and corticosteroids, are used to dampen overactive immune reactions. They are used to treat autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and lupus and to prevent transplant rejection.

Endogenous immunomodulation

The body also produces its own immunomodulators, which play a key role in regulating the immune response. These include:

• Cytokines: These proteins, such as interleukins and tumour necrosis factors, are crucial for communication between immune cells and control of the immune response.
• Growth factors: These promote the survival and proliferation of immune cells and are important for the healing of tissue.

Areas of application of immunomodulation

Immunomodulation is used in various medical fields:

• Oncology: immunomodulators are used to activate the immune response against tumours and potentially increase the effectiveness of chemotherapy.
• Infectious diseases: In severe infections, immune stimulation can help to mobilise the body’s defences.
• Autoimmune diseases: Here, immunosuppressants are used to dampen the excessive immune response and prevent tissue damage.

Latest developments and research

Immunomodulation is an active field of research. Recent studies are investigating the role of the immune system in neurodegenerative diseases and psychiatric disorders. Research is being conducted into whether targeted immunomodulation can help to slow down or stop degenerative processes in the brain.

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